从《废都》到《蜗居》:20年来的家国
来源:万维博客–>山哥的文化广场 作者:山哥 2010年01月26日
中国的小说据说主要起源于茶肆酒楼的说书,语言夸张,故事精彩是其一贯传统。当然现代作品也受到西方表现手法的影响,不过自身固有的传统血脉会更强大得多。
90年代初,陕西中年作家贾平凹的<废都>面世,立即洛阳纸贵,风行一时。不过由於小说露骨的情色描写,出版后不久便被禁,直到近年来才被解禁。据说<废都>正版印刷了100万余本,而盗版到达1200万之巨。作者以西京作家庄之蝶为中心巧妙地组织人物关系。围绕着庄之蝶的四位女性牛月清、唐宛儿、柳月、阿灿是小说中着墨最多的。她们分别是不同经历、不同层次的女性,每个人的际遇、心理都展示着90年前后中国社会文化的一个侧面。有人总结《废都》的艺术成就,认为三部经典著作为之参照:《围城》、《金瓶梅》、《红楼梦》。三部经典历久不衰,各有不灭的闪光点。《废都》则集三美为一,堪称三部经典的完美结合。我独认为,<废都>其实主要是<金瓶梅>的20世纪八九十年代翻版。庄之蝶看似20世纪末文人,较北宋商人西门庆文雅,其实他们倒真象一对超时空的难兄难弟,他们的酒色财气,如同血脉相联,何其相似。
两年前70后安徽作家六六出版的小说<蜗居>,近日由于按原著所拍同名电视剧走红以及中央台停播疯动海内外。这部作品看起来比<废都>和<金瓶梅>的故事要简单得多,不过是一对名牌大学毕业的外地姊妹海萍海藻在上海为住房打拼,沉浮的故事。当然里面有三个与她们分别有婚姻性爱关系的男人:中年贪官,海藻的情夫宋思明,从青年到中年的海萍书生丈夫苏淳,以及都市小青年,海藻男友小贝。尤其是宋思明这个位居市府秘书,官不大权却极大的权吏,在貌似井然有序,繁荣昌盛的大都市里过着呼风唤雨,骄奢淫逸的生活。对比身居石窟门筒子楼蜗居的本市下层市民和外地中青年精英,拥有三套以上宽敞住房,在顶级私人会所就餐的宋思明们简直是生活在另一个世界。作品中有一个有趣的小情节:苏淳托朋友借贷买房的6万高利贷,来源就是宋妻。可见官商一体,在当代中国已经走得多远了。<蜗居>并没有渲染色情和肉体情节,应该是出自女作家的含蓄。作品中的人物性格与行为的逻辑关系,却比粗枝大叶的男作家们来得细腻深刻。当从小依赖姐姐海萍的海藻,体察到在这个大都市中姐姐的卑微和无奈,领略到远比男友小贝和姐夫苏淳强大得多的情夫宋思明的财气,便一步步陷入作二奶的温柔乡里难以自拔。人性的软弱,贪婪,薄情,功利,等等,都一一暴露无遗。
很多观众和读者都感觉到,<蜗居>作者朔造了一个有钱有德有风度学识的理想的美国男人马克,作为卑鄙,萎琐,自私的三个中国男人的鲜明对照。对比让全体中国男女都彻底绝望的<废都>,<蜗居>似乎为海萍们找到了一线蔚蓝色的希望。不过这种对蔚蓝色的认知,同20年前<河殇>中苏小康,远志明等相比,几乎如出一辙。
不知不觉20年间中国人已经从黄土地上的<废都>,走到了东海之滨的<蜗居>。眼前就是浩瀚的太平洋,带着希望,我们垮了过来;带着某些失望和或许更大的希望,越来越多的人又海归回去。
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